Lathes are the most widely used "mother machines" in metalworking. Common types can be categorized based on three dimensions: structure, control method, and specialized application; different types are suited to distinct machining requirements.
Classification by General Structure
● Standard Horizontal Lathe
The most widely used basic model, featuring a horizontally arranged spindle and manual adjustment of spindle speed and feed rate. It handles the machining of internal and external cylindrical surfaces, end faces, and threads on various shaft and disc-type parts, making it suitable for single-piece production, small-batch manufacturing, and repair/maintenance tasks.
● Vertical Lathe
Features a spindle perpendicular to the horizontal plane, with the workpiece clamped onto a horizontal rotary table and the tool post moving along a crossbeam and vertical column. Specifically designed for large, heavy, or difficult-to-clamp disc and ring-shaped parts (such as large flanges and automotive wheel hubs), these lathes are divided into two main series: single-column and double-column.
● Turret Lathe
Equipped with a turret tool post capable of holding multiple cutting tools, allowing sequential completion of various machining operations after a single workpiece setup. This eliminates the need for frequent tool changes, significantly boosting processing efficiency for batches of parts; historically, they were widely used in the mass production of small to medium-sized components.
● Automatic/Semi-automatic Lathe
Capable of automatically completing the entire machining process for small to medium-sized workpieces based on preset programs. These machines support automatic loading and unloading and enable repetitive batch production of identical parts, making them ideal for high-volume standardized manufacturing. Some multi-axis models offer production efficiency three to five times higher than that of standard lathes.
